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TidBITS#315/19-Feb-96
=====================

Apple's in the news, announcing a deal to license the Mac OS to
  Motorola plus the first beta of Cyberdog, its set of OpenDoc-
  based Internet tools. Also this week, we have news on Macromedia's
  Shockwave plug-in and Sun's Java Development Kit for the Mac,
  Garry Kasparov's chess match against Deep Blue, and a TidBITS
  survey (the future of the Reviews column hangs in the balance!).
  Finally, Matt Kall contributes an overview of the reality and the
  implications of the Telecommunications Act of 1996.

This issue of TidBITS sponsored in part by:
* APS Technologies -- 800/443-4199 -- <[e-mail]>
   Makers of hard drives, tape drives, and neat SCSI accessories.
   For APS price lists, email: <[e-mail]>
* Northwest Nexus -- 206/455-3505 -- http://www.halcyon.com/
   Providing access to the global Internet. <[e-mail]>
* Power Computing -- 800/375-7693 -- <[e-mail]>
   Now shipping... The Award-Winning First MacOS Compatible!
   See what the press says! http://www.powercc.com/News/quotes.html
* America Online -- 800/827-6364 -- http://www.aol.com/
   The world's largest provider of online services.
   Give Back to the Net -- http://www.aol.com/give/
* DealBITS: Short and sweet, but decidedly new deals. <------- New
   http://king.tidbits.com/dealbits/ -- <[e-mail]>

Copyright 1990-1996 Adam & Tonya Engst. Details at end of issue.
   Information: <[e-mail]> Comments: <[e-mail]>
   ---------------------------------------------------------------

Topics:
    MailBITS/19-Feb-96
    Reviews Survey
    Man Wins... This Time
    The Telecommunications Act: The Good, Bad, and Unknown
    Reviews/19-Feb-96

ftp://ftp.tidbits.com/pub/tidbits/issues/1996/TidBITS#315_19-Feb-96.etx


MailBITS/19-Feb-96
------------------

**New URL Format** -- We've finally bowed to pressure and will be
  listing URLs with angle brackets around them, starting next week
  with TidBITS-316_. We've resisted making this change because our
  previous URL style was almost completely unambiguous, and we
  didn't want to add unnecessary characters to each URL. But, with
  more and more programs wanting URLs to be delimited with angle
  brackets, we figure this change will make TidBITS easier to read.
  Note that we still won't give email addresses with the mailto URL
  format. It's just too ugly (especially in running text) and takes
  up too much space. Email addresses, especially when delimited with
  angle brackets, are unambiguous without the mailto part of the URL
  format. We wanted to call attention to this change so that anyone
  who has written scripts that depend on the way we write URLs can
  modify their work before next week. [ACE]


**Chat with Tonya** -- I'm currently warming up my fingers for
  Tuesday night, 20-Feb-96, because I'll be the featured person at
  an America Online conference about Web authoring (I can also
  answer some TidBITS questions). The chat begins at 10 PM Eastern
  Standard Time, and I'll be there until 11 PM. At the end of the
  hour, AOL plans to raffle off two copies of Create Your Own Home
  Page (a book Adam and I wrote). To join the chat, use the keyword
  DWP and then click the conference room door. [TJE]


**Smart Licensing Move** -- On 19-Feb-96 Apple announced a
  licensing agreement that allows Motorola to distribute the Mac OS
  with computer systems based on Power Macintosh designs and the
  PowerPC Platform specification. For the first time, today's
  agreement allows a Mac OS licensee to sublicense the Mac OS to
  other computer manufacturers. This means that Motorola could sell
  Mac OS compatible motherboards or complete systems to other
  manufacturers for resale under other labels. Apple says they will
  retain control over certification of systems sold with the Mac OS.
  [MHA]

http://product.info.apple.com/pr/press.releases/1996/q2/
960219.pr.rel.motorola.html


**Beta Java Development Kit Released for Mac** -- Javasoft, Sun's
  subsidiary handling Java development, has released the first beta
  of its Java Developer's Kit (JDK) for Macintosh. The JDK includes
  a Java Applet viewer and a Java Compiler, as well as sample Java
  applets and API documentation for programmers. Though these
  materials are preliminary, there's more than enough here for
  programmers to start experimenting with Sun's Virtual Machine (VM)
  implementation. One important fact: the materials run on Power
  Macs and 68K Macs with a 68030 processor or better, putting to
  rest persistent rumors that Sun's VM would only be available for
  Power Macs. If you aren't a developer, have 3 MB of free RAM and
  System 7.5, and absolutely must use Java today, the Java Applet
  Viewer can be used to run applets downloaded from Internet sites.
  The binhexed version of the JDK weighs in at about 3 MB. [GD]

http://www.javasoft.com/JDK-1.0/


**Cyberdog Beta Available for Power Macs** -- Last week, Apple
  released the first beta version of Cyberdog, its long-awaited
  OpenDoc-based Internet technology. Cyberdog b1 requires a Power
  Mac, OpenDoc 1.0, System 7.5.1 or later, Internet Config 1.2, and
  (of course) a TCP/IP connection to the Internet. Because Cyberdog
  uses OpenDoc, you realistically need at least 16 MB of RAM to run
  it. Although initial reports that I've seen have varied, the
  general impression of the beta seems to be positive, and it's an
  excellent demonstration of OpenDoc's potential. The beta release
  is about 5 MB to download, not including OpenDoc. [GD]

http://cyberdog.apple.com/
ftp://ftp.info.apple.com/cyberdog/


**Shockwave Beta 1 Netscape Plug-In** -- Macromedia has released
  beta 1 of the Mac version its Shockwave Plug-in for Netscape
  Navigator 2.0, which allows Netscape to download and play
  multimedia content created in Macromedia Director. The plug-in
  runs on both 68K and PowerPC based Macs, and this beta seems more
  stable than its pre-beta predecessor (see TidBITS-311_). Although
  some Shockwave authors are becoming more proficient at producing
  content that's conceivably usable over a modem connection, I can't
  recommend the plug-in unless you can give Netscape Navigator at
  least 8 MB of RAM and 5 MB of disk cache. Shockwave also has known
  difficulties with virtual memory and Speed Doubler. [GD]

http://www.macromedia.com/Tools/Shockwave/


**Corel "Quadrupling" Mac Team** -- In an apparent effort to
  squash speculation it will not pursue development of WordPerfect
  for Macintosh (see TidBITS-313_), Corel announced it is "nearly
  quadrupling" its Macintosh development staff and plans to release
  CorelDraw for Macintosh this June. However, Corel's release
  doesn't actually _say_ it will pursue development of Mac
  WordPerfect, just that it's "committed to the Mac" and "more good
  things are on the way." WordPerfect users can only hope the intent
  is clear, even if the language is not. [GD]

http://www.corel.com/novell/wpformac.htm


**Netscape Live3D** -- Last Friday, Netscape announced that it
  plans to acquire Paper Software Inc., makers of the popular WebFX
  VRML (Virtual Reality Markup Language) software for Windows. Paper
  Software's VRML technology will be rolled into future releases of
  Netscape Navigator as Netscape Live3D, which will allow inline
  support of three-dimensional VRML graphics as defined by the
  just-announced "Moving Worlds" VRML 2.0 standard. Though more than
  50 companies have announced support for VRML 2.0, Apple noticeably
  has not. Beta releases of Netscape Live3D are available for
  Windows 95 and Windows NT, with a Macintosh release expected
  "later this quarter." [GD]

http://home.netscape.com/newsref/pr/newsrelease87.html
http://home.netscape.com/comprod/products/navigator/live3d/intro_vrml.html


**Royal Software Acquires Heizer** -- Royal Software, Inc. and
  Heizer Software jointly announced on 17-Feb-96 that Royal Software
  will acquire Heizer General Corp. for an undisclosed amount.
  Heizer has long been the leading publisher of tools such as
  CompileIt! and WindowScript for use with HyperCard and other
  authoring environments. Royal Software, conversely, is an unknown
  entity led by long-time Heizer client Ro Nagey, who's famous for
  sponsoring trips to the former Soviet Union to fly Russian jet
  fighters. Royal Software will continue to use the Heizer Software
  name and plans to pursue online marketing and add products aimed
  at entry-level HyperTalk users. [GD]

http://www.interedu.com/heizer/
http://www.interedu.com/mig29/


Reviews Survey
--------------
  by Adam C. Engst <[e-mail]>

  We're considering dropping our Reviews column, and we want to know
  what you think of the idea. The Reviews column is located at the
  end of each TidBITS issue, and lists product reviews from several
  major Macintosh magazines. The utility of the column is that you
  can search a group of TidBITS issues for a given review topic and
  locate publication dates and page numbers corresponding to those
  reviews. When we started TidBITS almost six years ago, most
  Macintosh magazines were paper-based, and it was almost impossible
  to find back reviews. The magazines did publish yearly indices of
  reviews, but until the index you needed came out, you were out of
  luck. The ability to search TidBITS online and find reviews has
  helped many people, and that utility outweighed the fact it's a
  lot of work to type in the reviews each week.

  The reason for the Reviews column is essentially gone now that
  MacWEEK, MacUser, and Macworld all have Web sites that provide
  search engines and often the full text of the reviews online.
  These searching facilities are great - we use them ourselves when
  we need to tread backwards in time. It seems pointless to continue
  our monk-like copying efforts when the magazines' Web sites offer
  much more than our meager lists. Before you ask, no, we are not
  considering adding URLs to online articles in the Reviews column,
  since that would add to our already formidable workloads.

http://www.ziff.com/~macweek/reviews.html
http://www.ziff.com/~macuser/reviews.html
http://www.macworld.com/static/search.html

  However, rather than make a unilateral decision (something we're
  perfectly capable of, I assure you), we thought we'd try a simple
  survey technique. On our Web site, we've set up a survey page
  where you can register your opinion about dropping the column.
  There's nothing fancy about the survey, and - in fact - the survey
  totals will exist only in our WebSTAR log file. Sure, we could put
  a CGI behind the pages and record the count in that manner, but
  there's no real point in wasting effort on something this simple.

http://www.tidbits.com/surveys/reviews-list.html

  Since running the survey on our Web server only allows people with
  Web access to vote, you can also vote by email. To vote that
  TidBITS continue its Reviews column, send mail to <reviews-
  [e-mail]>; to vote to discontinue the reviews, send mail to
  <[e-mail]>. Please note these messages will not be
  read, merely counted. As usual, comments about TidBITS should be
  sent to <[e-mail]>.

  Both survey methods will remain open until the end of February,
  when we'll tally the votes.

  We realize that voting on whether or not we keep our review
  listings isn't that titillating, so - to enhance the excitement
  level - the survey page on the Web has a picture of Tonya and me,
  a picture of Mark, and Geoff's GeoffCam picture. So, if you want
  to check out the faces behind TidBITS, stop by. And while you're
  there, click either the Yes or No link to register your vote.


Man Wins... This Time
---------------------
  by Mark H. Anbinder, News Editor <[e-mail]>

  If he hadn't lost the first game, world chess champion Garry
  Kasparov says, a false sense of security might have gotten him in
  trouble in last week's historic man-versus-machine chess match
  against a massively parallel IBM SP supercomputer. On Saturday,
  Kasparov won the final game to take a 4-2 match victory over Deep
  Blue, when the computer conceded after 43 moves and three hours
  and 45 minutes of play.

  At a panel last week about the next fifty years of computing, the
  director of the Cornell University Theory Center, physicist Malvin
  H. Kalos, said the evenly divided match shows "we are on the cusp"
  of what increasingly powerful computers can do. "In the past, no
  computer could beat the best human chess player. Now, the computer
  can play as well as the best human. Within the decade, no human
  will be able to beat a computer." Kalos added, "Humans with the
  tools will do much better than humans without the tools."

  Kalos directs a national supercomputing facility at Cornell that
  houses a more elaborate version of the IBM SP supercomputer with
  512 processors. He and other computer scientists took the
  opportunity on ENIAC's 50th birthday last week to reflect on the
  past fifty years of computing innovation and to speculate on the
  next fifty. [ENIAC was the first general purpose electronic
  computer - see the URL below. -Geoff] "Fifty years ago, no one
  could have come anywhere close to predicting where computers are
  now. Just what's in my laptop in power and memory was
  inconceivable back then. The transistor hadn't even been invented,
  and to imagine millions of them on a chip just was not possible."
  Within fifty years, Kalos envisions adequate computing power and
  memory for a "personal brain clone," a computer so powerful it can
  simulate the human brain and learn along with its human
  counterpart.

http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~museum/

  The last several days have unearthed ironic quotes from the likes
  of IBM chairman Thomas Watson, who reportedly commented in 1943,
  "I think there is a world market for maybe five computers," and
  Digital Equipment Corporation founder Ken Olson, who in 1977
  expressed his doubts, "There is no reason anyone would want a
  computer in their home," just as a new company, Apple Computer,
  began to prove him wrong.

  Cornell's Theory Center uses its 512-processor supercomputer (in
  fact one of only a handful in the world, but that's not what
  Watson meant) to help solve Grand Challenge problems. These are
  worldwide conundrums identified by the federal government as
  requiring high-performance computing capabilities for solution.
  The system is funded primarily by Cornell, IBM, New York State,
  and the National Science Foundation, and is used by scientists in
  such areas as astrophysics, environmental science, biochemistry,
  and medical technology - when it's not playing chess.

  Kasparov, needing only a draw to win the match, played his last
  game with apparent determination to trounce Deep Blue and its
  ability to compute more than 200 million operations a second.


The Telecommunications Act: The Good, Bad, and Unknown
------------------------------------------------------
  by Matthew Kall <[e-mail]>

  Amidst much hoopla, on 08-Feb-96 President Clinton signed the
  Telecommunications Act of 1996 into law. This law has been almost
  universally condemned by the online community due to a single
  provision making it a felony to distribute "indecent" materials to
  minors. However, there are many other provisions of this law which
  radically reshape the way telephone, long distance, cable, and
  other companies do business.

  This article first gives a brief background on the perceived need
  for modernization of U.S. telecommunications law. Second, it
  highlights some lesser-known provisions of the law and speculates
  on how they will affect consumers. Finally, it summarizes the
  Communications Decency Act and the fight against it. The full text
  of the law (close to 400K) is available from the Library of
  Congress.

ftp://ftp.loc.gov/pub/thomas/c104/s652.enr.txt
http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c104:s.652.enr:


**Breaking Down Barriers** -- When Congress passed the 1934
  Communications Act, the telecommunications industry was decidedly
  different from how it is today. AT&T was the sole provider of long
  distance service and communications equipment, and it was the sole
  owner of local service providers. The laws were passed with AT&T
  solely in mind and assumed that regulated monopolies must exist
  for things like local telephone service. Broadcasting - which was
  primarily AM radio at the time - had a very limited bandwidth and
  was heavily regulated to prevent signal interference.

  Despite enormous changes in the intervening years, there have been
  only a few substantial revisions to the law, including the 1982
  break-up of AT&T into smaller, independently owned units called
  Bell Operating Companies or Regional Bells. Although the break-up
  opened the long distance market to competition, regional telephone
  companies continued to monopolize their assigned markets, and the
  Federal Communications Commission's (FCC) restrictions remained in
  place. The FCC kept the regional Bells out of the long distance,
  cable, and information service markets.

  One other major change came in the 1984 Cable Act, which
  established the FCC's regulatory authority over cable operators
  and prevented regional telephone companies from operating cable
  services within their region. Congress feared allowing the two
  industries to compete would lead to another AT&T-like monopoly.

  For several years, all the regulated companies complained to
  Congress that the restrictions on competition were no longer
  necessary. The differences between cable, local telephone, and
  long distance companies had become relatively small, and each
  could do business in one another's markets without much effort.
  The only things preventing them from doing so were rules
  established when one company monopolized the market.

  Simply put, the Telecommunications Act eliminates barriers
  preventing cable, long distance, and regional telephone companies
  from entering each other's markets, and opens up the market for
  information services. In the near future, Americans may be able to
  sign up for Internet service through a phone company, cable
  company, or long distance company. The monopoly the regional Bells
  have had over local telephone service will no longer exist, since
  AT&T, MCI, and your cable company will start offering service.
  Further, NYNEX, Ameritech, and other regional Bells will begin
  offering long distance service.

  Those aren't the only industries which benefit from the new law.
  Broadcast television stations (which have only been able to send
  one signal through their designated frequency) will be allowed to
  use modern compression techniques to offer multiple signals as
  long as they accompany the current one. In addition, The Electric
  Company will no longer be just a fondly remembered children's show
  on PBS, since local electric companies may now enter all the other
  industries as well.

  Unfortunately, it will take some time before the goals of the law
  become reality. The responsibility for disassembling the barriers
  that have existed for as much as 60 years has been delegated to
  the FCC. The FCC faces the herculean task of promulgating over 80
  rules and regulations designed to achieve the purposes of the new
  law by August. These rules will ensure local companies give long
  distance access to their poles and switch boxes at competitive
  rates. In addition, the FCC will still ensure that universal
  service (i.e. telephone service of some sort for all persons) is
  available.

http://www.fcc.gov/

  Due to the time it will take for the FCC to enact rules allowing
  competition in these industries, it will be months or years before
  competition really gets rolling. Once it does, unfortunately, you
  can expect mass marketing campaigns (like those from AT&T vs. MCI
  vs. Sprint today), only in more industries. The changes are likely
  to start in larger metropolitan areas; smaller cities and rural
  areas may never see a significant change.

  What will happen to prices? There are two schools of thought on
  this. Most members of Congress will say that increased competition
  will lead to lower prices and higher quality of services. Many
  consumer groups don't buy this reasoning. They are suspicious
  because the law was passed after years of negotiations between the
  players in the telecommunications and cable industries. Consumer
  groups fear removing the barriers between these industries will
  lead to a number of mergers and joint ventures, and bigger
  companies will be able to dominate markets and control prices.

  The truth likely lies somewhere between these two positions.
  Though mergers and increased concentration in certain markets are
  likely, the existence of behemoth companies does not necessarily
  lead to market domination. For proof, one need only look at the
  long distance market, where huge companies like AT&T, MCI, and
  Sprint compete effectively with each other and a number of smaller
  companies, while consumers get the benefit of lower prices. So, as
  long as different companies are offering service in your area, you
  are likely to be better off. However, some fear small or
  geographically remote markets may fail to attract competition,
  effectively granting a monopoly to whatever service provider
  happens to be there.


**The Communications Decency Act** -- Title V of the
  Telecommunications Act of 1996 is known as the Communications
  Decency Act. Congressional intent, as stated in the Senate Report
  accompanying the law, was to "modernize the protections... against
  obscene, lewd, indecent, and harassing use of a telephone" and
  bring those protections into the digital age. However, the method
  for achieving this goal is analogous to killing a fly with a
  sledgehammer: the law goes beyond what is necessary and, as some
  claim, beyond what is constitutionally permissible.

  The new law makes it a felony, punishable by up to two years in
  prison or a fine of $250,000, to use a computer service to
  distribute "any comment, request, suggestion, proposal, image, or
  other communication that, in context, depicts or describes, in
  terms patently offensive as measured by contemporary community
  standards, sexual or excretory activities or organs, regardless of
  whether the user of such service placed the call or initiated the
  communication."

http://www.eff.org/pub/Alerts/s652_hr1555_96_draft_bill.excerpt

  [This material is also available via the search facilities on
  Library of Congress Web site at the URL given above. -Geoff]

  According to most critics, this law is written too broadly and
  violates the First Amendment to the Constitution, which states
  that "Congress shall make no law... abridging the freedom of
  speech...."  It could potentially be illegal under this new law to
  discuss venereal disease, contraceptives, or anatomy online, for
  fears it might be deemed offensive. Another provision of the bill
  (section 507) amends section 1462 of Title 18 of the U.S. Code so
  as to forbid any discussion of abortion over the Internet.

  Contrary to some reports, the Communications Decency Act does not
  merely apply current obscenity laws from television and radio to
  the Internet. The new law attempts to go far beyond that. A person
  using a four letter word in private email could be prosecuted for
  a felony, even though using the same word in a telephone call
  would be legal. Online copies of controversial books such as
  Catcher in the Rye or The Color Purple would not be permitted.
  Museums might not be able to display images of certain artworks on
  their Web pages for fear of prosecution. The new law is not
  necessary for prosecuting individuals who distribute child
  pornography or obscene materials. Current laws can be (and are)
  used to prosecute the online distribution of illegal pornography,
  as well as other illegal activities carried out via computer
  networks.

  A number of groups have started campaigns to show their
  disapproval of these indecency provisions. After President Clinton
  signed the bill into law, a number of Web pages turned their
  backgrounds black for 48 hours to protest. [The TidBITS home page
  was black. -Tonya] All over the Web, blue ribbons of protest are
  popping up. Perhaps the most extreme reaction to this new law was
  John Perry Barlow's Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace.

http://www.eff.org/pub/Publications/John_Perry_Barlow/
barlow_0296.declaration

  Moments after the bill was signed by President Clinton, the
  Electronic Frontier Foundation, the American Civil Liberties
  Union, and several other organizations filed suit in Philadelphia
  challenging the constitutionality of the law. The case will be
  heard by three judges and their decision could be appealed
  directly to the Supreme Court. The entire process will certainly
  take over a year (see below).

  While this case is pending, there is a fight in Congress to repeal
  the Communications Decency Act. Senators Pat Leahy (D-VT) and Russ
  Feingold (D-WI) have introduced legislation to eliminate the
  provisions. Don't expect to hear much about this legislation,
  though - it's extremely difficult to get anything through
  Congress.

http://www.eff.org/pub/Alerts/leahy_0296_cda_repeal.announce

  If you are looking for more detailed analysis of the censorship
  provisions in the Telecommunications Act or are interested in
  joining the fight against it, the following sites will be of
  interest:

http://www.aclu.org/issues/cyber/hmcl.html
http://www.cdt.org/speech.html
http://www.eff.org/pub/Alerts/index.html#exon

  On Thursday, 05-Feb-96, U.S. District Judge Ronald L. Buckwalter
  issued a preliminary injunction against certain provisions of the
  Communications Decency Act. This is a victory, albeit a small one,
  for the anti-censorship activists.

http://www.eff.org/pub/Alerts/buckwalter_cda_021596.decision

  Judge Buckwalter forbade the Justice Department from prosecuting
  anyone for distributing "indecent" materials, noting the term is
  vague and undefined. Anyone who distributes material deemed
  "patently obscene" can still be prosecuted. The difference between
  the two terms is not entirely clear, and lawyers and judges have
  argued about it for the better part of a century. Technically,
  "obscene" material is not entitled to any First Amendment
  protection under current laws, though "indecent" material is.
  Judge Buckwalter felt the new law did not adequately define what
  constitutes indecent material; therefore, the law was ambiguous
  and unenforceable.

  The decision grants a temporary restraining order, and is not
  final. The EFF and other organizations have promised to continue
  to fight all censorship provisions of the new law.


**The Unknown Future** -- Though the battle in the courts and
  Congress rages on, it is unclear what law, if any, will eventually
  apply to the transmission of controversial material. One potential
  solution is allowing users to choose for themselves which sites to
  visit and which to ignore. Software companies are introducing
  products which allow material received via online services to be
  filtered or restricted by a number of criteria, including the
  nature of the content, the location of the site being accessed,
  the time of day, the program being used, and other parameters.
  Such filtering software would not censor anyone and is commonly
  cited as an alternative to content legislation by civil rights
  advocates. The software would allow users to visit any site, but
  would also allow parents, teachers, and others to block access to
  material they deem objectionable. So far, SurfWatch and Cyber
  Patrol are available for the Mac; other products are sure to come.

  [Note these products work in the depths of already finicky
  communications software, and have known problems. As these
  products mature, they're likely to become more stable. -Geoff]

http://www.surfwatch.com/
http://www.microsys.com/cyber/

  If you are worried you might be subject to liability, there are a
  few things you can do to protect yourself. If you run a bulletin
  board service or Web site which contains potentially controversial
  material, you can avoid liability under the new law by taking
  reasonable steps to ensure those areas are not available to
  minors. Should you happen to be the unlucky soul first prosecuted
  for violation of this new law, contact the EFF and the ACLU, who
  will be able to provide legal assistance.


Reviews/19-Feb-96
-----------------

* MacWEEK -- 12-Feb-96, Vol. 10, #6
    Adobe Illustrator 6.0 -- pg. 1
    Tango 1.0 -- pg. 25
    Extensis PageTools 2.0 -- pg. 28
    Day-Timer Organizer 2.0 -- pg. 28
    OneClick 1.0 -- pg. 30


$$

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